What caused the dust bowl Essay Example for Free

What caused the dust bowl Essay In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson purchased the territory of Louisiana from the French government for $15 million. The Louisiana Purchase stretched from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from Canada to New Orleans, and it doubled the size of the United States and there was more to go. Thanks to the Louisiana purchased U.S. has gotten a better geographic, economic, social, and political stable. There was more land for the population to stretch out. More gold to be mine. Better education for the poverty. And finally there are the Democratic and Republican parties that change the political side of view. To begin the main thing that changed the U.S. when Louisiana was purchased was the new geographic of U.S. This was a really good thing for farmers and agriculture, and a lot of settlers found opportunities in the new land. There were more states for people to move into them. Also another good thing was that there were more railroads for transportation. One negative fact about people going to the west was that the Native Americans were losing their territory, and fighting each other for the least territory there was left. Another terrific victory about the Louisiana Purchase was the boost of economic that was improving. There were so many things happening at the same time when people were moving to the west. There were lots of inventions being made like the Steamboat, the Telegraph, the Steam Locomotive and many more. Another good thing that helps the economic was the gold rush in California 1841. Also industrialization affected the economic because goods began to be machine made rather than hand made. And finally there was the agriculture economic were there was lots of plantation of cotton and lots of invention for the farmers. Finally the westward expansion affected the U.S. in political views. One thing that U.S. got affected politically was that later on comes the civil war when states try to separate. Another way was slaves tried to escape from their owners. Also during that time Andrew Jackson becomes president. Andrew became a famous president by not following rules like the constitution and by adding Florida to the U.S. Finally the Democratic and Republican parties are invented.

An Evolutionary Ethical Theory of Social Risks and Opportunities Essay

An Evolutionary Ethical Theory of Social Risks and Opportunities ABSTRACT: Social standards guide us in what to do and what to refrain from doing. But can social — moral or legal — standards be trusted? This paper presents an evolutionary ethical theory that generates trustworthy ethical norms. Each norm is assigned a demonstrable risk, called an ethical risk, that depends on both human behavior and danger to the survival of society. The assigned risk is minimal if and only if everybody obeys the norm. The higher the risk assigned to a norm, the higher the norm’s rank (an empirical quantity depending on the evolutionary status of society). An ordered finite set of ethical risks and ethical norms allows the settlement of ethical problems arising in society. Subsets of existing moral and legal standards all over the world are compatible with norms being elements of these ordered finite sets of ethical norms. Like all standards, ethical norms are often violated. A single violated norm suffices to activate correlations between ris ks, resulting in an ethical conflict. The more often a high-ranking norm is violated, the poorer the society in question. Ethical conflicts can be resolved by responsible persons or groups advancing higher-ranking norms involved in optimization at the expense of lower-ranking norms. Examples are given to support the theory. "Moral predigen ist leicht, Moral begrà ¼nden schwer" (Arthur Schopenhauer) I. The Primacy of an Empirical Ethic of Risks In the West, ever fewer people respect moral standards because the influence of religion is decreasing rapidly. In addition philosophical ethics, "inventing right and wrong" [Mackie], is unable to contribute essentially to the trustability of moral norms,... ...men, Saetze; Stuttgart 1980 Patzig, G.: Ethik ohne Metaphysik; Goettingen 1983 Platon: Saemtliche Werke, Band I; Heidelberg 1982 Popper, K.: Die offene Gesellschaft und ihre Feinde; Tuebingen 1992 Rawls, J.: Eine Theorie der Gerechtigkeit; Frankfurt 1979 Rawls, J.: Die Idee des politischen Liberalismus, Frankfurt 1992 Schmidt, H.: Zeit von den Pflichten zu sprechen, S. 17, Die Zeit Nr. 41, 1997 Schrader, W.H.: Norm II, Ethik; J. Ritter, K. Gruender (Hg.): Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie, Band 6, S. 910; Basel 1984 Sueddeutsche Zeitung Nr. 43 vom 22. Februar 1994 Vorlaender, K.: Immanuel Kant—Der Mann und das Werk; S. 170; Hamburg 1992 Weber, M.: Politik als Beruf; M. Weber, Gesammelte Politische Schriften, J. Winkelmann (Hg.); Tuebingen 1971 Wickert, U.: Der Ehrliche ist der Dumme—ÃÅ"ber den Verlust der Werte; Muenchen 1996

Callum

Themes TRENCH LIFE & BATTLE â€Å"Coughing Like Hags† – Dulce Et Decorum Est, Wilfred Owen â€Å"Guttering, choking, drowning† – Dulce Et Decorum Est, Wilfred Owen â€Å"Stuttering rifles’ rapid rattle† – Anthem for Doomed Youth, Wilfred Owen â€Å"A great mass of things unclean† – A Dead Boche, Robert Graves â€Å"Like several different kinds of Hell† –Brooke, in a letter on his day in the war â€Å"So much muscle and blood in the Earth† Birdsong, Sebastian Faulks â€Å"Beyond the boundaries of human behaviour† -Birdsong, Sebastian Faulks â€Å"The turned soil and torn flesh of war. – Birdsong, Sebastian Faulks â€Å"Meanwhile my self etcetera lay quietly in the deep mud† – my sweet old etcetera, e. e. cummings â€Å"You think there’s no limit to what a man can bear? †Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Stanhope in Journey’s End, Sherriff LOSS â€Å"They expected to die† – Birdsong, Faulks â€Å"A dust whom England bore† – The Soldier, Brooke â€Å"Gentleness, in hearts at peace, under an English Heaven† – The Soldier, Brooke â€Å"As scared as any frightened child† – The Deserter, Letts â€Å"Looking on the face of grief, the face of dread† – June 1915, Charlotte Mew â€Å"The soldier dying dies upon a kiss,The very kiss of Christ† – Summer in England 1914, Alice Meynell â€Å" The holy glimmer of goodbyes† – Anthem For Doomed Youth, Owen â€Å" Each slow dusk a drawing down of blinds† – Anthem For Doomed Youth, Owen PATRIOTISM â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est Pro Patria Mori† – Dulce Et Decorum Est, Owen â€Å" Who’ll give his country a hand? † – [i]Who’s For The Game, Jessie Pope â€Å" my father used to become hoarse talking about how it was a privilege† – my sweet old etcetera, e. e. cumming s â€Å" There’s something rather romantic about it all† – Osborne in Journey’s End, Sherriff â€Å" He looked splendid.It – sort of made me feel†¦keen to get out here† – Raleigh in Journeys End, Sherriff â€Å" My hatred of the Kaiser is love true† – This Is No Case Of Petty Right Or Wrong – Thomas â€Å"As we love ourselves, we hate her foe† – This Is No Case Of Petty Right Or Wrong, Thomas WOMEN AND THEIR ROLES â€Å"You love us when we’re heroes† – Glory Of Women, Sassoon â€Å" Come along lads† – Who’s For The Game, Jessie Pope â€Å" Isabel created hundreds (and hundreds) of socks†Ã¢â‚¬â€œmy sweet old etcetera, cummings â€Å" Can’t you see it isn’t decent, to flout and goad men into doing what is not asked of you? – The Jingo-Woman, Helen Hamilton â€Å" We dare not weep who must be brave in battle† – Of All Who Died In Silence Far Away, Iris Tree â€Å" Anyone affected by the war is entitled to comment upon it† – Nasheen Khan GENERAL â€Å" Not quite clear†¦what the fuss was about† – He Went For A Soldier, Ruth Mitchell â€Å" The political errors and insincerities† – A Soldier’s Declaration, Sassoon â€Å" A war of aggression and conquest† – A Soldier’s Declaration, Sassoon â€Å" I am acting on behalf of soldiers† – A Soldier’s Declaration, Sassoon â€Å" An exploration of how far men can be degraded† – Birdsong, Faulks â€Å" You are going to fight and you are going to win. – Birdsong, Faulks â€Å" They didn’t believe in shellshock at all†¦it was just cowardice† – Regeneration, Pat Barker â€Å" The pity and terror the war experience inevitably evoked† – Regeneration, Pat Barker â€Å"It all seems rather silly, doesn†™t it? † – Raleigh in Journey’s End, Sherriff â€Å" My subject is war and the pity of war. † – Wilfred Owen CRITICAL COMMENTS ON THE WAR CANON â€Å" Passive suffering is not a theme for poetry† – Yeats â€Å"War equates with ombat thus limiting the canon† – James Campbell â€Å" The knowledge of combat is a prerequisite for the production of a literary text that adequately deals with war† – James Campbell â€Å"Anyone affected by war is entitled to comment upon it† – Nasheen Khan â€Å" The spectator, the contemplator, the opposer of war have their hours with the enemy no less than uniformed combatants† – Richard Eberhart Pre-WWI Literature ‘The Charge of the Light Brigade’ by Alfred Lord Tennyson †¢ Disastrous incident in the Crimean war. †¢ â€Å"Into the valley of death/ Rode the six hundred† – Celebrates devotion to duty and heroism in the face of certain death.The glamour of chivalry. †¢ â€Å"Honour the Charge they made! † â€Å"While horse and hero fell† – patriotic, presents war positively. †¢ â€Å"Someone had blunder'd† – blames Generals – interesting as it is before WWI, about the Boer war. So perhaps realistic in this sense? ‘Vitai Lampada, by Sir Henry Newbolt’ †¢ About the Boer War †¢ â€Å"The Gatling’s lamed and the colonel dead† – Presents the actuality of the war, reality. †¢ â€Å"The sand of the desert is sodden dead† – realism, huge scale of death. Alliteration of â€Å"s† and â€Å"d†. †¢ â€Å"But the voice of a schoolboy rallies the ranks, ‘play up! Play up! And play the game! – Compares war to a game of cricket, euphemism of war. Early War Literature – (1914-1915) ‘The Soldier’ by Rupert Brooke †¢ â€Å"Some corner of a fo reign field/that is forever England† – Idealised. Accused of naivete and being a ‘ridiculous pastoral’. †¢ â€Å"If I should die, think only this of me† – More than a sentimental patriotic verse. The word ‘think’ acts as a message from Brooke for people to remember him. †¢ A dialogue between the living (survivors and civilians) and the dead (or soon-to-be). ‘The Call’ by Jessie Pope †¢ Jessie Pope (a. k. a Owen's arch-nemesis! ) was incredibly pro-war. â€Å"Who's for the trench – are you, my laddie? Who'll follow the French – will you, my laddie? † – used for propaganda to young soldiers. ‘Men who March Away’ by Thomas Hardy †¢ Thomas Hardy didn’t fight in war. †¢ Written in the opening days of war. †¢ Expresses feelings of those enlisting as war was meant to be over by Christmas. †¢ â€Å"Braggarts must surely bite the dust† â €“ sounds quaint & naive. A letter written by Julien Grenfell †¢ â€Å"We are all awfully well, except those who have stopped something† – ‘Stopped something’ was slang for being shot! ‘As the Team’s Head Brass’ by Edward Thomas Conversation between an elder ploughman and a speaker uncertain whether or not to enlist. †¢ â€Å"’have you been out yet? ’ ‘No. ’ ‘And don’t want to, perhaps? ’† – series of questions. Later Literature – (1916-1918) ‘All the Hills and Vales Along’ by Charles Hamilton Sorely †¢ â€Å"And the singers† – optimism, calling soldiers ‘singers’. This is immediately undercut by describing them as â€Å"the chaps/who are going to die perhaps! † †¢ â€Å"So be glad, when you are sleeping† – ‘sleeping’ undertones of death, implicit suggestion of death as mos t desirable end, inevitable end for a soldier. â€Å"Sow your gladness for earth’s reaping† – celebrate chance of fighting, earth personified, harvesting future happiness planted by soldiers. †¢ â€Å"To the Gates of Death with song† – Almost Tennyson-like enthusiasm, cheerful death. †¢ Offset by the final line; â€Å"so be merry, so be dead† – sober view of death compared to Brooke’s. ‘To England – A note’ by Ivor Gurney †¢ In this sonnet each seemingly patriotic phrase is undercut. †¢ â€Å"The boys of England† – focuses on the facts that the soldiers are no more than boys, often just out of public school. The soldiers â€Å"do in silence† – the things they have to do, war is literally unspeakable. ‘A Dead Boche’ by Rupert Graves †¢ Speaks directly to those who only want to hear ‘of blood and fame’. †¢ â€Å"A certain cure for lust of blood† – Brusquely ironic tone. †¢ Second stanza confronts the horrors of war head-on, he describes a German Corpse. †¢ â€Å"Sat† and â€Å"Scowled† – alliteration attaches these actions of a living person to the corpse. †¢ â€Å"Big-bellied, spectacled, crop-haired† – still identifiable but the â€Å"black blood† turns corpse into an emblem of death. No mutual recognition or respect from one soldier to another (unlike W. O’s statement â€Å"I am the enemy you killed, my friend† – strange meeting) †¢ Reader challenged to disagree with the claim that it is a â€Å"certain cure for the lust of blood†. Post-WWI Literature ‘Journey’s End’ by R. C Sherriff †¢ Set in a dug-out in trenches, it explores tension in a group of officers waiting for their attack. †¢ Names emphasise essential Englishness (Stanhope, Osborne, Raleigh, etc). ‘Birds ong’ by Sebastian Faulks †¢ â€Å"†¦ so horrific†¦ beyond a war†¦ dehumanised to an extent that†¦ †¢ â€Å"This is not a war; this is an exploration of how far men can be degraded† – dehumanising, bitterness of those who experience it, no reason behind war. Modern. What Sebastian Faulks sets to explore in birdsong. (Stephen Wraysford) Glory of Women- Siegfried Sassoon 1917. Criticises those at home, particularly the women. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"You love us when we’re heroes, home on leave†¦Ã¢â‚¬  †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Trampling the terrible corpses, blind with blood† †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"O German mother†¦while you are knitting socks to send your son His face is trodden deeper in the mud. † A Dead Boche Robert Graves 1916Wirtten from an anti war perspective, graphic descriptions show the true horror of war. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"’War’s hell’† †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Sat a dead Boche, he scowled and stunk† †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Big-bellied, spectacled, crop haired, Dribbling black blood from nose and beard† Diasbled- Wilfred Owen 1917 Shows a strong anti-war view, criticises those at home who cannt see past the ‘glory' of war. Poem shows a young boy who has been disabled by the war. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Some cheered him home, but not as crowds cheer a goal† †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"The women’s eyes passed from him to the strong men that were whole† †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Why don’t they come? † Dulce et Decorum Est- Wilfred Owen 1917Again anti-war, satirises the view that war is a glorious thing, and that it is an honour to die for ones country. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Bent double, like beggars under sack, knock kneed and coughing like hags. † †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"As under a green sea, I saw him drowning†¦ gargling from the froth corrupted lungs† †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"The old lie: Dulce et Decorum est Pro patria mori† The Send Off- Wilfred Owen 1917 This poem has a melancholic tone, which has a sinister effect as the poem focuses on the death and destruction caused by war. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"lined the train with faced grimly gay† †¢Ã¢â‚¬ Their breasts were stuck all white with wreath and spray, as mens are, dead. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"like wrongs hushed up they went† †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"A few, too few for drums and yells may creep back, silent†¦ up half known roads. † Glory of Women- Siegfried Sassoon 1917. Criticises those at home, particularly the women. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"You love us when we’re heroes, home on leave†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å" He looked splendid. It – sort of made me feel†¦keen to get out here† – Raleigh in Journeys End, Sherriff Rupert Brooke – patriotic There is some corner of a foreign field That is forever England† Sassoon â€Å"Does it matter? Losing your legs? † â€Å"The turned soil and torn flesh of war. † – Birdsong, Sebastian Faulks Charles Sorley – â€Å"nor honour. It is easy to be dead†Edmund Blunden – ‘Vlamertinghe’ – â€Å"who are these coming to the sacrifice? † Quiet protest: Ivor Gurney ‘Beauty’ â€Å"Man’ consolation sung on the quivering strings† Inspiring: Sir Henry Newbolt ‘Vitai Lampada† (the torch of life) â€Å"Play up! Play up! And play the game! † Jessie Pope â€Å"Who’s for the game? † Regeneration Sassoon: â€Å"A hundred years from now they'll still be ploughing up skulls. † Owen, Disabled â€Å"All of them touch him like some queer disease. † â€Å" The holy glimmer of goodbyes† – Anthem For Doomed Youth, Owen Strange Meeting 1)Hill says in the Author's Notes that her novel is a â€Å"microcosm of the ar† to create a â€Å"small world in the great would of the war†-she focusses on 2 main characters John Hilliard and David Blunden which makes it easier to communicate what the wa r was all about arther than taking a much larger perspective 2)the lack of understanding of the â€Å"coward complacence† as Sassoon puts it is another idea found in this novel-Hilliard goes home on leave and says â€Å"noone knew, nobody understood† Recruitment ‘The Call' By Jessie Pope â€Å"Who'd rather wait a bit† ‘The Volunteer' By Herbert Asquith â€Å"lifes tournament† ‘The Call' By Robert Venede â€Å"lad† â€Å"man† â€Å"dreamer† â€Å"brothers† ‘In Flanders Field' By John McCrae Take up our quarrel† Futility and Despair ‘Dulce et Decorum Est' By Owen â€Å"vile incurable sores on innocent tongues† ‘Lamplight' By May Wedderburn Cannan â€Å"we planned to shake the world together† ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth' By Owen â€Å"each slow dusk, a drawing down of blinds† ‘Apologia pro Poemate Meo' By Owen â€Å"hopes lay strewn† ‘Birdsong' By Faulks â€Å"he himself did not believe there was a purpose to the war† ‘All Quiet on the Western Front' By Remarque â€Å"weary, broken, burntout and without hope† Patriotism and Glorifying War ‘The Soldier' By Brooke â€Å"some corner of a foreign field which is forever England† ‘The Call' By Venede ogres† â€Å"faeries† â€Å"princes† ‘This is no case of petty right of wrong' By Edward Thomas â€Å"She (England) is all we know and live by† ‘Channel Firing' By Hardy â€Å"Camelot, and starlit stonehenge† ‘Peace' By Brooke â€Å"as swimmers into cleanness leaping† ‘Happy is England Now' By John Freema â€Å"destroying Dragon† ‘Men Who March Away' By Hardy â€Å"England's need are we† ‘Journeys End' By Sherriff â€Å"There's something rather romantic about it all† (Osbourne) Physical Damage ‘Disabled' By Owen â€Å"The womens' eyes passed f rom him to the strong men that were whole† ‘The Ghost Road' By Pat Barker â€Å"damaged brains and drooping mouths† The Conscript' By Wilfred Gibson â€Å"mangled limbs, blind eyes† ‘All Quiet on the Western Front' By Remarque â€Å"we see men without mouths, jaws, without faces† ‘A Dead Boche' By Graves â€Å"Black blood oozing from his nose and beard† ‘In Memoriam' By EA Mackintosh â€Å"piteous writhing bodies† Class ‘Oh What a Lovely War' By Littlewood and Theatre Workshop â€Å"Blunders of boobies† (Mrs Pankhurst) ‘The Chances' By Owen â€Å"Over the top tomorrer; boys we're for it† ‘Strange Meeting' By Susan Hill â€Å"not the natural camaraderie to be found among the officers† ‘Return of the Heroes' By Sassoon â€Å"Prussian General† and â€Å"Sir Godfrey Stoomer†Mourning ‘A Girl's Song' By Katharine Tynan â€Å"My grief is in the weeping rainsâ⠂¬  ‘The Falling Leaves' By Margaret Postgate Cole â€Å"now all withering lay† ‘Afterwards' By Margaret Postgate Cole â€Å"shall you and I ever be young again? † ‘August 1914' By John Masefield â€Å"So passionate once, so deep† ‘Now that you too muct shortly go away' By Eleanor Farjeon â€Å"By immortal love, which has no first of last† ‘Do Not Weep' By Stephen Crane â€Å"A field where a thousand corpses lie† ‘Letters From a Lost Generation' By Vera Brittain Letters talking about her fiance's death Cowardice ‘The Jingo-Woman' By Helen Hamilton dealer in white feathers, insulter, self appointed† ‘Birdsong' By Faulks â€Å"list of men executed for cowardice† ‘Recruiting' By Mackintosh â€Å"Can't you see them thanking God they're over forty-one? † ‘Regeneration' By Pat Barker â€Å"They didn't believe in shell-shock†¦ it was just cowardice† Post War Thoug hts ‘Blackadder Goes Forth' By Curtis and Elton â€Å"Not even our generals are made enough to shell their own men† ‘Oh What a Lovely War' By Littlewood and Theatre Workshop â€Å"it is slaughter†(soldier) â€Å"we need one big offensive to break through† (Haig) ‘Aftermath' By Sassoon â€Å"Have you forgotten yet? â€Å"

The Role of Civil Society in Global Citizenship - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1353 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Citizenship Essay Did you like this example? Global citizenship or globalization is not a modern phenomenon nowadays. Actually, the term globalization was first appeared in the 1930s and widely used by economists and other social scientists by the 1960s. According to Dierks, globalization process includes technological, political, economic, and cultural dimensions that interconnect individual, governments, and firm across national borders (6). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Role of Civil Society in Global Citizenship" essay for you Create order Globalization is the worldwide movement toward economic, finance, trade, and communications integration. Moreover, this phenomenon also refers to the transformation in the society, environment, and politic globally, which gives the signs or notices to individuals as well as communities on a universal scale. Therefore, global citizenship is not limited in a local area or in a national territory. Global citizenship has brought many advantages for people all over the world. These effects are to create the international teams of rescuing and financial aid; to diversify the products in the range of prices, qualities, and designs; to be able to easily travel around the world. There are various external factors that influence global citizenship. Some factors are religions, economics, cultures, and environment. Since thousands of years ago, many missionaries of Buddha, Christian, Catholic, and Islam traveled to the other land far away from their hometown in order to transmit the values and the spirits of their religions. From the second century BC, the Silk Road was formed and developed abundantly from China to West Asia and even reached Europe. This very long road was considered as the biggest trade system in the ancient world, which connected two civilizations between the East and the West. The demand for exchange necessary products, valuable items such as silk, salt, or diamond and innovations like printing techniques, has overcome the countrys boundaries. The rivalry stimulates the cooperation among international companies, organization, and governments. This demonstrates cooperation to preserve globalization (Allen 11). Moreover, the cultural differenc es between countries have attracted a lot of explorers. Each country possesses their own culture of cuisine, communication, and fashion. The curiosity stimulates the people to travel abroad, to exchange, and to learn new things. Furthermore, global warming issues have tightened the distance between countries. Only one country cannot make a big change to save the environment. It has to be the efforts of everyone, every country, from the First World to the Third World. The author Paul Sherman in the University of Guelph-Humber stated three dimensions that involve being pro-global citizenship, which is awareness, responsibility, and participation. Global citizens aware themselves as a part of the world. They do not belong to one specific area, but they consider themselves as the citizens of the world. According to Madeleine F. Green, an author of NAFSA: Association of International Educators, global citizenship is initially the experience with different countries, peoples, and cultures. Then it creates a connection between the local and the global. Moreover, global citizens usually recognize their responsibilities following the important events and matters in their communities and in the world. International education is put on the priority. Traveling abroad to participate in the educational program has served a pivotal step in the lives of many self-described global citizens (Schattle 15). They take initiative to equip necessary knowledge, skills, and critical thinking to take action and protect their missions on the global scale. The Earth Hour campaign is a proper example of global citizenship. This is an annual worldwide event held by the World Wide Fund for Nature, which appeals every ones cares about our planet and our responsibility to protect it. Another picture of global citizenship is the LGBTQ community. LGBT people have existed in many communities for a long time ago. However, they are just the minorities that do not dare to stand up and gain the equality for themselves. Due to global citizenship, these people connect to each other and organize as a global community. This group becomes bigger and bigger, represents, and fights in order to gain justice for every individual. While many aspects support the development of the intercontinental connection, there have been several certainly disadvantages of global citizenship. In the trend of globalization, a lot of free trade agreements are established to promote economic development among countries in the world. However, this also become a cause of job losses in developed countries. Big companies have moved their factories to developing countries in order to derive cheap labor. Therefore, they can reduce their product price and be more competitive in the global market. Based on the article of John Rennie Short from the University of Maryland, the living standards of the working class in the First World sloped downward because of losing jobs. Moreover, the globalization also an entry for immigrants to move easily from this country to the other country. This has raised many troubles for the local residents in America and Europe such as criminals, pollution, and unsafe status in politics and society. Jagdish B hagwati in his book gave an argument that the anti-globalization sentiments on the right extend easily to anti-immigration attitudes because immigration adds to environmental problems (25). Consequently, several authorities of developed countries showed their actions to against globalization. For example, the intense regulations on the immigrant and border security issues of President Donald Trump since he was elected at the end of 2016. The Brexit vote in the United Kingdom and the rise of a nationalism in Europe are also an obvious reaction against global citizenship. Global citizenship is not a new phenomenon, but it is still a controversial issue that the government and the experts keep discussing nowadays. In my perspective, I see the global citizenship has brought more advantages than its drawbacks. Hence, I am pro global citizenship. In ancient times, battles and wars occurred everywhere. That was also a reason why people traveled around the world. Moreover, because of traveling, Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered the land of the Americas. It means global citizenship is obviously inevitable, and no one can stop it. The only thing that we can do is to develop and shape it in the appropriate way in order to minimize its disadvantages. Due to globalization, people have chances to use quality products with an affordable price. Furthermore, this world is created with a lot of fantastic landscapes, sightseeing, and mysteries. People have the rights to discover it. Besides, global citizenship help people from different sides of the world g et closer to each other. Recently, in June 2018, Thailand youth soccer team were trapped in a flooded cave in the north of this country. A search and rescue mission was appropriately established. An extraordinary international operation included hundreds of cave and rescue experts and military force from several countries such as Australia, Britain, Japan, China, Myanmar, Laos, and America. Through this emergency case, we can see the effectivity of cooperation and global citizenship among countries, which showed the consolidation, not the division. In the future, if the global citizenship trend continues the way it is, the global transactions and trade would be stretched out. Then the world might need to use a single currency and a single central bank: with perfectly functioning markets, there would be no need for currency adjustment (King 10). It seems like the future world might be operated as the model of the European Union. On the other hand, with the development of technologies and artificial intelligence (AI), human life will be more connected with the robots. Every house in every country would be controlled by the AI steward system. Most of the jobs would be lost, so unemployment rate will dramatically increase. Transportation will be more in high technologies such as self-driving cars and flying cars. Space tourism would be opened, and people would travel to the Moon and the other planets more often. Oil and fossils resources would be exhausted, and wars would happen because of the oil rival among countries. The world p opulation would reach 10 billion. Skyscrapers will be built more in the rural areas. If global warming cannot control, people could move to live in the North and South poles. Super hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis would frequently occur. Moreover, many cities and even countries such as Maldives and Netherlands would totally disappear in the world map because the sea level increases.

Common Types of Asexual Reproduction

America s Education System Systems - 1804 Words

As it may or may not be known, education systems around the world are all comparatively very different from each other. Because countries all have different beliefs, moralities, and cultures, this can have a drastic effect on their education systems and how it is unique to their region and/or country. For example, the UK education system is very different from the American education system. Over the past several decades schooling has developed more and more in other countries, such as Finland or Switzerland, and have changed for the better. Meanwhile the American education system has, for the most part stayed constant, worsening in some ways, and improving in others. This brings up the issue of, should America switch to a more†¦show more content†¦In the last forty years or so, Finland’s education system has transformed for the better. In the last decade, Finland has remarkably improved in subjects such as math and reading. But what are they doing that is so differen t in Finland, than what is going on in the United States? Well, first off, the schools are smaller. Finland’s school system believes that having a close relationship with your students can help their work ethic, thus pushing them to succeed. For example, Kirkkojarvi, a school in Finland, has only about 30 teachers and about 240 students (hancock, paragraph 5). Secondly, standardized testing is something that happens in the United States that is not commonly performed in schools in Finland. Most students take one standardized test at be the end of their senior year of high school. Comparison and competition does not happen between the students, and there is not any ranking based on schools and their scores and how well the school did as a whole, something that schools in the United States do a lot of and that students are often used to. LynNell Hancock is an education reporter who specializes in children and family issues. 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Leadership and Essential Business Process

Question: Discuss about the Leadership and Essential Business Process. Answer: Introduction An appropriate leadership is necessary and essential to operate the entire business process of an organisation. According to Rego et al., (2012), a good leadership plays an important factor in order to make an organisation successfully run its business in the particular market and industry. Leadership is the main factor, which transforms the potentiality of an employee of an organisation into an ultimate reality. Leaders usually play the role of major human resources of an organisation as they develop both the products and the potentiality of the employees. However, the significance of the leadership quality of the management should not be overemphasised. As opined by Peterson et al., (2012), an appropriate leader motivates and influences the employees in order to bring their best performances that will help the company to gain its desired success in short period. In this report, the importance of the leadership of an organisation will be discussed in detailed manner. Context Trisha Marmalade McEwen of My Food Bag and Christopher Luxon of Air New Zealand are two potential leaders, who perform their assigned task in appropriate manner for the success of the organisation. Trisha plays the role of business advisor of My Food Bag, a famous online retailer of New Zealand and Christopher holds the position of Chief Executive Officer of Air New Zealand. Both of these leaders motivates and influence the staffs of the organisations in order to retain the existing position in the market of New Zealand. The operating philosophy of these leaders are completely different from the other, however, both incorporate effective and potential strategies for motivating the employees in order to get things done in short period. Trisha and Christopher believe in teamwork and a high level of performance from the subordinate employees. The higher management cannot generate a perfect and suitable attitude alone for developed performance of employees, therefore, more or less every organisation involve leaders to motivate the employees and accomplish their performance. According to Day Antonakis (2012), leadership has the capability to resolve any issues with roper communication and strategies; even it can often reduce and mitigate the managerial issues regarding business operations and leadership. Both My Food Bag and Air New Zealand is going through some changes as there is changes in the delivery system in My Food Bag and Air New Zealand changes the process of online ticket booking within the structure of the organisation and the offered products and the entire marketing process in order to attract the new customers. Transactional vs. Transformational Leadership The leaders of every organisation employ different kind of leadership styles in order to influence the associated staffs of the organisation (Castner et al., 2012). On the other hand, as opined by Schaubroeck et al., (2012), the transformational leadership involves efforts that go beyond the management of regular business strategies and operations in order to take the company into the next level of success with perfect job performance of the employees. Transactional leadership styles involve a proper maintenance of the normal flow of the business operation within the organisation. The leaders, who concentrate on this type of leadership style, use the disciplinary power and provide the incentives in order to motivate the employees for performing on best manner. The contrast and compare in between the transactional and transformational leadership involves generally, the transactional leaders provide rewards to the employees if they perform better in the workplace than before. Whereas t ransformational leadership style solely concentrates on the motivation, influence, collaboration with the employees, the basic process of team building for drastic changes within the organisation. Youssef Luthans (2012) have argued that, the transactional leaders have less interest to guide the employees in strategic manner and influence the employees; therefore, every business operation may run in smooth manner. Hogg et al., (2012) have mentioned that the main concern of the transformational leadership is to motivate the employees for meeting the established goal of the organisation. In this type of leadership styles, there also process of incentives to the employees ad it seriously pushes the employees to perform in higher level than the previous one. As My Food Bag is going though few changes within the organisational structure, therefore, Trisha follows the transactional leadership style to influence the staffs of the company (Myfoodbag.co.nz, 2016). Trisha motivates the employees of My Food Bag in order to collect the freshest products from various parts of New Zealand. The delivery system of My Food Bag has been completely changed to the doorstep delivery to the customers in order to reach the customers in short period. My Food Bag offers the inhabitants of New Zealand a door-to-door delivery system from Sunday to Monday. However, the higher authority of My Food Bag has incorporated new policy of texting the customers before delivering the products and if the customers are unavailable at home, the suppliers will wait for hem for some fixed time. Trisha, the business advisor has arranged meetings with the higher management of My Food Bag in order to finalise this process and discusses with the employees if they are suitable to pursue their duties. Even if some employees are not readily agreed with the management decision, Trisha provides relevant information of the desired goal of the company in order to attain the success in the retail industry of New Zealand. The newly transformed delivery process of My Food Bag have made easy for the customers to use the service of this particular company. Air New Zealand has recently changed the technical process of domestic and international online booking in order to provide its customers far better services than the previous one. The new online booking process includes the change of the destination even after booking the tickets (Airnewzealand.com.sg, 2016). Even the management has decided to change the success story of Air New Zealand with advanced sustainability such as complete transformation in the social, economical and environmental field. However, the higher authority of Air New Zealand has made a policy of paying the basic differences in the fare with the change fee if it is applicable for the selected location by the management. Even in certain cases, the customers are not required to pay the extra service charges for the changes in the location. Christopher Luxon strictly follows the transactional leadership style in order to guide the staffs of Air New Zealand in appropriate manner for achieving the success of the organisation and to maintain the usual flow of the business operation. Christopher addresses with the team member for completing small tasks properly in quick manner. As Air New Zealand has gone through drastic changes, therefore, Christopher announces the reward and performance appraisals policy for the employees in order to influence them to perform in better manner than the previous one. Christopher is only concerned with the normal flow of the business operations after employing the new changes withi n the company for betterment and the changes should not hamper the sales revenue. Spillane (2012) has stated that, transformational leadership styles are more effective that the transactional leadership style for running an organisation in smooth and tactical manner. Incremental vs. Radical change There are serious debates to decide the best changes within the organisation including the incremental and radical changes, radical changes of an organisation clearly involves creativity and innovation for further success of the organisation. On the other hand, incremental changes include gradual and smaller improvements within the organisation. Hargreaves Fink (2012) have mentioned that only the current situation of an organisation determines what type of change is required to mitigate the existing issues in the organisation. As opined by Iqbal et al., (2012), the incremental changes include optimisation, streamlining, cost reduction, reliability and reengineering and radical changes engages completely a new platform, techniques, methods, philosophy and strategies. On the other hand, radical changes can be considered as a risky and not sustainable compared to the incremental changes within the organisation. However, radical changes suggest for a drastic changes instead of increment al changes, which suggests sustainable changes. Both My Food Bag and Air New Zealand have mastered creativity and innovation in their specific industry and market and the leaders, Christopher and Trisha are potential enough according to their respective industries. The success of My Food Bag is closely tied up with various business models and other existing competitor companies duplicate the strategies and policies of My Food Bag. On the other hand, Air New Zealand changes its strategy in order to run its globally successful business. As there are only few changes, such as doorstep delivery and delivery only from Monday to Saturday except Sunday in the delivery process of My Food Bag, therefore, there are incremental improvements. However, in the case of Air New Zealand, there are changes in the entire process of online ticket booking process and the payment mode; therefore, radical improvements have taken place in this organisation. The implication of innovation, creativity, designing is more complex for Air New Zealand instead o f My Food Bag. Burke (2013) has stated that innovation from a planned design and method can develop in radical manner the entire stricture if the organisation even it possess the potentiality to transform the entire rule, regulation, procedures and policies that can improve the business operation of a company in a particular marketplace in order to retain its position in todays competitive business world. The management of Air New Zealand has to involve the technological experts and software developer to change the format of their online page of ticket booking. In previous process, there were no chances of changing the destination after booking the tickets. However, the higher authority of My Food bag only changes the process of delivery of products to the doorstep of customers. According to Rafferty et al., (2013), the radical changes are only possible for famous companies, which can afford lump sum money on the entire changes of the strategy, structure, process, policies and rules. Radical changes can be implemented for the software development and adoption of new and modern technologies for providing the consumers a proper experience. However, Burke (2013) has argued that there are various empirical evidences, which suggests that the implementation of radical changes are far better than the incremental changes if done proper manner. Overcoming barriers According to Hackman Johnson (2013), every business organisation encountered some potential challenges and barriers during a drastic transformation within the operation process of the organisation. As the success of Air New Zealand is closely associated with the success of the nation, therefore, Christopher has adopted effective strategies in order to overcome the potential barriers that may influence the success of the organisation. Air New Zealand faces a serious level competition from companies like American Airlines Group Inc, Virgin Australia Holdings Limited and Qantas Airways Limited in the airline industry of New Zealand. The first barrier Air New Zealand encounters is its poor customer service desk, which has been proved unable to provide relevant information to the passengers regarding their online ticket booking because of the changed process of online ticket booking. The second possible barrier suggests that sudden technical problems because of the changes in the online process booking, even because of technical faults, the customers fail to book flight tickets, which obviously directly impact upon the sales revenue of the company. The third possible barrier involves that the routes, which Air New Zealand offers are limited than its competitor companies. All these possible barriers Christopher will face during the changes in the online ticket booking process. Christopher has thoroughly made a market research in order to understand the current position of the competitor companies in the airline industry of New Zealand. Christopher has played a perfect role as a leader within the organisation and has engaged potential market researcher to analyse the possible threats of Air New Zealand. Social media marketing strategy is effective to deal with the existing barriers and to satisfy the specified changes withi the organisation. Even there are brand development strategies followed by Christopher for improving the brand with providing appropriate and standard quality services to the customers. Christopher has focused on brainstorming strategy in order to discuss with both the management and the co-workers for reducing the price of air tickets a bit in order to capture the market. In order to resolve the third possible barrier, Christopher solely concentrates on following the trend strategy and has discussed with the business experts in order to offer completely new flight routes according to the demand of the consumers. Although Air New Zealand is fuel-efficient airliner and always come up with completely new initiatives with the constant changes in the demand and criteria of the consumers, still all these above-mentioned strategies will play a significant role to solve the potential possible barriers of Air New Zealand. All these strategies will help the company to play a fundamental role to save the natural environment and increase the tourism proposition of New Zealand. Effecting Change Figure 1: Lewins three-step model (Source: Marion Gonzales, 2013) As opined by Mowday et al., (2013), the changes within the organisation always need not to be complex process; if it is done in tactical manner, then the organisational changes are not at all critical. Kurt Lewins change model involves three significant steps such as unfreezing, changing and refreezing. Lewins three-step change model reflects a practical and simple model of understanding the transformation process. This change model also includes a perfect perception of the requirement of changes within the organisation and it determines the behaviour and attitude of the associated employees of the organisation because of sudden changes within the organisation. As Air New Zealand goes through drastic changes because of its changed online ticket booking process, therefore Lewins three-step model is effectively applied in order to manage the drastic transformation within the organisation. During the Unfreeze step, Christopher ensures the existing employees of Air New Zealand for the sudden change. Even in this step, Christopher asks the employees for some appropriate solutions that may help the process of online ticket booking process of Air New Zealand. In this last stage, the employees are ready to accept the changes, in this process it unfreeze the employees with their decisions. In the Change step, Christopher takes help of the software developer and business executives in order to execute the online format of the ticket booking process. Christopher motivates the associated software developer during the entire process of change and if they face some problems regarding development of the online format and loose hope to fix it. In Refreeze step, Christopher ensures that this change will become permanent with the incorporation of effective strategies such as social media marketing and digital marketing in order to provide the consumers a perfect opportunity to avail the facilities during the online ticket booking process. Figure 2: Kotters 8 step change model (Source: Cummings Worley, 2014) According to Marion Gonzales (2013), Kotters eight-stage change model is perfect in order to identify the significant elements of an organisation for successful and perfect organisational changes. Kotters eight-stage change model involves several steps such as, establishing a perfect sense of urgency, build a strong coalition, vision, communicate that particular vision, empowering others, planning and creating short-term goals, consolidate the developments and institutionalise the changes. In the case of Air New Zealand, Christopher has articulated a strong business case and rationale for the sudden change in the first step, in the second step, Christopher assemble a potential team with perfect influence, motivation and power within the organisation in order to lead the basic effort of the change. In the third step, Christopher creates an appropriate and compelling vision of the future in order to guide the employees towards the basic direction of the organisational changes. The fourth step consists of every possible and potential strategy in order to communicate the vision; even this step involves completely new behaviours of the associated employees and the higher authority of the organisation for role model. In the fifth step, Christopher remove the possible obstacles, which prevent the changes to be implemented successfully and with effective change system and procedure structures the undermining vision and mission of the company (Cummings Worley, 2014). In the si xth stage, Christopher plans a visible and relevant quick and short-term goal and implements it. After that, Christopher discusses with the higher authority of Air New Zealand and announces appraisals and reward for those employees, who will be thoroughly involved with the change process of online flight ticket booking and refund of money. In the seventh step, Christopher use credibility in order to transform the changed policies and procedures, which fails to fir with the established mission and vision after the changes within the organisation. Christopher plays an important role with the HR department of Air New Zealand in order to recruit potential candidates, who have the potentiality to implement the established vision. In the last step of this model, Christopher articulates the basic connection in between the complete new process of working and the organisational success in continuous manner. Christopher motivates the employees of Air New Zealand in order to weave a new busine ss culture with the effective and appropriate help of leadership development. Christopher has played the role of potential leader of Air New Zealand as this individual successfully plans effective strategies to mitigate the obstacles during the implementation of the organisational changes. As all the eight stages are perfectly applied for the situation of Air New Zealand, therefore, Kotters eight-stage change model has been proved perfect for Air New Zealand. As opined by Tannenbaum et al., (2013), all of these eight stages are completed systemic manner and all these steps effectively lead to the successful organisational changes. Christopher performs the role of potential leader within Air New Zealand in appropriate manner as this individual helps the entire team of the company to see and understand the requirement of the changes in the online flight ticket booking process for the significance of speed and attracting more number of loyal consumers than before. Christopher has a full support from the higher management of Air New Zealand for is credibility and the appropriate skills, knowledge and talent in order to drive the changes. Christopher also creates success metrics, shared roadmaps to support the changes, and confirms the understanding and acceptance of the changes. It is an obvious fact, that during any kind of transformation an organisation encounters various barriers in the particular industry. Same things happen in the case o f Air New Zealand, when the management decides to change the online format of ticket booking process, Christopher has to go through the existing airliners of New Zealand in order to understand their business strategy to attract the consumers in this competitive business world (He Brown, 2013). Only with effective leadership quality, capability and style Christopher employs these strategies and motivate the employees to perform their assigned roles and responsibilities for achieving the desired goals of Air New Zealand. Conclusion Not every organisation in todays market can have that ultimate level of luxury to manage the constant changes in the market, industry and within the organisation without the potential help of a leader. In this business report, the effectiveness of Trisha and Christopher has been explained in detailed manner. Their activities during the organisational changes are excellent and all their mode of techniques and tactics truly reveals the necessity of leaders within the organisation during successful changes for better future in the market of New Zealand. These leaders adopt, implement and accept the changes and influence the employees to follow the organisational changes only for the future success of the organisations. 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